Chapter 18

The industry and empire of Europe had the enormous productive of industrial technology and the growing affluence which created the need for raw material and agricultural products which were wheat from American Midwest/ Russia, meat from Argentina, bananas from Central America, rubber from Brazil, coca and oil from West Africa, tea from Ceylon, an gold and diamonds from South Africa. Also, the European's saw social benefits to foreign markets which served to keep European's factories humming and its workers employed. The "Great Power" was a symbol for a nation and their acquisitions as a matter of urgency and even possess a little economic value. There was another interesting thing about the Europeans they were defined others largely in religious terms. European's adopted the ideas and techniques in how to advance society. Chinese and Indians civilization were in high regard as they were freely mixed and mingled with Asian and African elites and often married their women. Europeans viewed the culture and achievements of Asian and African people through the prism of a new kind of racism, expressed now in terms of modern science. Race was a matter of fact viewed as human intelligence, moral development, and destiny. "Race is everything".

During the second wave Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan, and the United States who were not all involved in the earlier phase, while the Spanish and Portuguese operated through the economy penetration and military intervention. There was a new European empires in the Afro-Asian world, empires everywhere were involved in military force or the threat of it. The European military advantage lay in the organization, drill, and practice, and also the command structure. In the 19th century, the European also had the advantages of fire powering, as they invented rifles and machine guns as well. The 'scramble for Africa' was half a dozen European powers against one another as they partitioned the entire continent among themselves in only about twenty-five years.

The scramble Africa was a various perspective. European leaders themselves were surprised by the intensity of their rivalries and the speed with which they acquired huge territories. The process involved an endless but peaceful negations among the competing Great Powers about 'who got what' and the extensive and intensive military.